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• _UID: 7700C4FC09D7D711BA224445535400000B93

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• _UID: 4400C4FC09D7D711BA22444553540000D863

Notes:

Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later assumed the Kingship, of Ireland, and continued the nominal claim by English monarchs to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the second monarch of the Tudor dynasty, succeeding his father, Henry VII.

Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. His disagreements with the Pope led to his separation of the Church of England from papal authority, with himself, as king, as the Supreme Head of the Church of England and to the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Because his principal dispute was with papal authority, rather than with doctrinal matters, he remained a believer in core Catholic theological teachings despite his excommunication from the Roman Catholic Church.[1] Henry oversaw the legal union of England and Wales with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. He is also well known for a long personal rivalry with both Francis I of France and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, his contemporaries with whom he frequently warred.

Domestically, Henry is known for his radical changes to the English Constitution, ushering in the theory of the divine right of kings to England. Besides asserting the sovereign's supremacy over the Church of England, thus initiating the English Reformation, he greatly expanded royal power. Charges of treason and heresy were commonly used to quash dissent, and those accused were often executed without a formal trial, by means of bills of attainder. He achieved many of his political aims through the work of his chief ministers, some of whom were banished or executed when they fell out of his favour. Figures such as Thomas Wolsey, Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell, Richard Rich, and Thomas Cranmer figured prominently in Henry's administration. An extravagant spender, he used the proceeds from the Dissolution of the Monasteries and acts of the Reformation Parliament to convert to royal revenue money formerly paid to Rome. Despite the influx of money from these sources, Henry was continually on the verge of financial ruin, due to his personal extravagance, as well as his numerous costly continental wars.

His contemporaries considered Henry in his prime to be an attractive, educated and accomplished king, and he has been described as "one of the most charismatic rulers to sit on the English throne".[2] Besides ruling with considerable power, he was also an author and composer. His desire to provide England with a male heir – which stemmed partly from personal vanity and partly from his belief that a daughter would be unable to consolidate Tudor power and maintain the fragile peace that existed following the Wars of the Roses[3] – led to the two things for which Henry is most remembered: his six marriages and his break with the Pope (who would not allow an annulment of Henry's first marriage) and the Roman Catholic Church, leading to the English Reformation. Henry became severely obese and his health suffered, contributing to his death in 1547. He is frequently characterised in his later life as a lustful, egotistical, harsh, and insecure king.[4] He was succeeded by his son Edward VI.

see : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England

Henry married Catherine of Aragon on 11 Jun 1509 in Greyfriars, Greenwich. Catherine (daughter of King Ferdinand V of Castile and Aragon Ferdinand of Aragon, - King Ferdinand V of Castile and Aragon and Isabella of Castile) was born on 5 Dec 1485 in Alcalá de Henares, near Madrid; died on (6 Jan 1535/1536) in Kimbolton Castle; was buried in Peterborough Abbey. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• _UID: 4600C4FC09D7D711BA22444553540000DA83

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Catherine of Aragon (Castilian: Catalina; also spelled Katherine of Aragon, 16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536) was Queen of England from 1509 until 1533 as the first wife of King Henry VIII; she was previously Princess of Wales as the wife of Prince Arthur.

The daughter of Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, Catherine was three years old when she was betrothed to Prince Arthur, heir apparent to the English throne. They married in 1501, and Arthur died five months later. In 1507, she held the position of ambassador for the Spanish Court in England, becoming the first female ambassador in European history.[1] Catherine subsequently married Arthur's younger brother, the recently succeeded Henry VIII, in 1509. For six months in 1513, she served as regent of England while Henry VIII was in France. During that time the English won the Battle of Flodden, an event in which Catherine played an important part.[2]

By 1525, Henry VIII was infatuated with Anne Boleyn and dissatisfied that his marriage to Catherine had produced no surviving sons, leaving their daughter, the future Mary I of England, as heiress presumptive at a time when there was no established precedent for a woman on the throne. He sought to have their marriage annulled, setting in motion a chain of events that led to England's schism with the Catholic Church. When Pope Clement VII refused to annul the marriage, Henry defied him by assuming supremacy over religious matters. In 1533 their marriage was consequently declared invalid and Henry married Anne on the judgement of clergy in England, without reference to the Pope. Catherine refused to accept Henry as Supreme Head of the Church of England and considered herself the King's rightful wife and queen, attracting much popular sympathy.[3] Despite this, she was acknowledged only as Dowager Princess of Wales by Henry. After being banished from court, she lived out the remainder of her life at Kimbolton Castle, and died there on 7 January 1536. Catherine's English subjects held her in high esteem, and her death set off tremendous mourning among the English people.[4]

Notes:

Married:
secretly

a papal dispensation was given

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• _UID: A2220CEE05D7D711BA228E18B8357A36A187

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Henry VII (Welsh: Harri Tudur; 28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509) was King of England, Prince of Wales [1] (until 29th November, 1489) and Lord of Ireland from his seizing the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509, as the first monarch of the House of Tudor.

Henry won the throne when his forces defeated the forces of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. Henry was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV and niece of Richard III. Henry was successful in restoring the power and stability of the English monarchy after the political upheavals of the civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses. He founded the Tudor dynasty and, after a reign of nearly 24 years, was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII.

Although Henry can be credited with the restoration of political stability in England, and a number of commendable administrative, economic and diplomatic initiatives, the latter part of his reign was characterised by a financial greed which stretched the bounds of legality. The capriciousness and lack of due process which indebted many in England were soon ended upon Henry VII's death after a commission revealed widespread abuses.[2] According to the contemporary historian Polydore Vergil, simple "greed" in large part underscored the means by which royal control was over-asserted in Henry's final years.

Death mask:
Link to Marilee Cody's "Tudor England" website

Henry married Elizabeth Plantagenet, of York on 18 Jan 1486. Elizabeth (daughter of King Edward York, King Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville) was born on 11 Feb 1465 in Westminster Palace; died on 11 Feb 1503. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• _UID: A6220CEE05D7D711BA228E18B8357A36A5C7
• Coronation: 25 Nov 1487, Westminster Abbey

Notes:

Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 – 11 February 1503) was queen consort of England from 1486 until her death. As the wife of Henry VII, she was the first Tudor queen. She was the daughter of Edward IV, niece of Richard III and married the king following Henry's victory at the Battle of Bosworth which ended the Wars of the Roses. She was the mother of Henry VIII.

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• _UID: 6D00C4FC09D7D711BA2244455354000001F3

Ferdinand + Isabella of Castile. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• _UID: 7000C4FC09D7D711BA224445535400000423

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• Title: Earl of Richmond
• _UID: 2300C4FC09D7D711BA22444553540000B753

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Buried:
His body was removed in 1536 to St David's Cathedral

Edmund married Margaret Beaufort in 1455. Margaret (daughter of John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset and Margaret Beauchamp) was born on 31 May 1443 in Bletsoe; died on 29 Jun 1509; was buried in Westminster Abbey. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• _UID: 2600C4FC09D7D711BA22444553540000BA83

Notes:

Portrait:
Link to Marilee Cody's "Tudor England" website

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• _UID: A7E9F64C29D7D711BA22AAFF03D37436BFE7
• Coronation: 28 Jun 1461, Westminster

Notes:

Edward IV (28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was the King of England from 4 March 1461 until 3 October 1470,[1][2] and again from 11 April 1471 until his death in 1483. He was the first Yorkist King of England.[3] The first half of his rule was marred by the violence associated with the Wars of the Roses, but he overcame the Lancastrian challenge to the throne at Tewkesbury in 1471 to reign in peace until his sudden death. Before becoming king, he was 4th Duke of York,[4] 7th Earl of March, 5th Earl of Cambridge and 9th Earl of Ulster. He was also the 65th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England

Edward married Elizabeth Woodville on 1 May 1464 in Grafton Regis, Northamptonshire. Elizabeth (daughter of Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers and Jacquetta, of Luxembourg) died in Jun 1492 in Bermondsey Abbey; was buried on 12 Jun 1492 in St George's Chapel, Windsor. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• Name: Elizabeth Woodville - Queen consort Edward IV
• _UID: AAE9F64C29D7D711BA22AAFF03D37436C217
• Coronation: 26 May 1465, Westminster

Notes:

Married:
(secretly)

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• _UID: 7200C4FC09D7D711BA224445535400000643